The basic goal of wastewater treatment is to expedite the natural processes that occur during the purification of water, which are already taking place. Among the most important processes in the waste-treatment process is primary and secondary waste treatment. To have access to freshwater, drinking water plants are installed, which treat the wastewater. These two steps are explained in detail below.

During the first stage, solids are allowed to settle and are subsequently removed from the wastewater by gravity. The secondary stage uses biological processes to purify wastewater before it is delivered to the ultimate stage for treatment and disposal. In certain circumstances, these steps are combined into a single operation to make things easier.

A screen is used to separate large floating material such as rags and sticks from the sewage before it enters the treatment plant for treatment. This helps to prevent the sewage from becoming clogged in pipes or damaging equipment during the treatment process. Immediately after being separated from solids, sewage is directed through a grit chamber, where cinders, sand, and small stones drop to the bottom of the chamber and are subsequently removed.

The problem is particularly acute in places with combined sewage systems, where sand and gravel may wash into the sewers with stormwater, clogging the pipes. Even after the screening process is completed and the grit has been removed, sewage still contains organic and inorganic waste and other suspended particles. As such, it must be treated as a result of its composition.

In a sedimentation tank, these solids are small particles that may be recovered from sewage without causing any damage to the wastewater. When the flow rate through one of these tanks is reduced, the suspended particles will gradually settle to the bottom of the tank. When the flow rate is lowered, this mass of solids is referred to as raw primary biosolids, formerly referred to as sludge.

It is most common for biosolids to be pumped out of tanks, after which they may be further processed for use as fertilizer or disposed of in a landfill or burned, depending on the situation. Over the years, it has become clear that basic treatment alone is inadequate to meet the demands of many communities that need higher water quality standards. However, to meet the needs of fresh water in every area, mineral water plants have been installed to meet the adequate requirements of the area.

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